Historical Development of Hybrid Materials

Mohd R.B.M. Rejab , ... Yusrizal Muchlis , in Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials, 2020

Conclusion

Hybrid materials have served many purposes in the advancement of modern technologies. Even though many studies were performed on hybrid materials, the reported properties and characteristics are still insufficient. This is because hybrid material properties and behavior are influenced by synthetic methods, so that even a small alteration can make a difference. However, the issues in hybrid material synthesis must be solved so that many parties can leverage the hybrid material technology. To refine the production of hybrid materials, further studies should be conducted to improve the physical and mechanical properties. The research in regard to hybrid materials should be carried out to overcome the obstacles in various applications. Yet, the effect of high inorganic composition in the different environmental conditions (such as temperature) remains the same.

Due to the hybrid materials' modular composition, many components are now suitable to be involved in hybrid material organic/inorganic combination. Therefore, there is no limit in the future applications.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035818105466

Structural characterization of hybrid materials

Tawfik Abdo Saleh , in Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites, 2021

10 Conclusion

HM synthesis requires controlling the conditions to obtain the HMs with required properties for specific applications. This requires sophisticated instruments to monitor the synthesis reactions. The use of a combination of instruments and techniques provides excellent information on the structures of HMs. FTIR, Raman, and high-resolution NMR spectroscopies are the best techniques to recognize the structure of HMs, especially when polymerizable organic groups are present in the material, as they can then be finely controlled through synthesis and processing to tune the properties as a function of the final application. Structural characterization can be performed during the reaction and on the obtained HMs. Other instruments including XPS, XRD, and XRF are used to gain more information on the composition, crystallinity, and contents of HMs.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132944000054

Hybrid materials and their impact on industrial and environmental applications

Tawfik Abdo Saleh , in Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites, 2022

Abstract

Hybrid materials play a significant role in the development of a number of advanced nanomaterials. Hybrid materials are an excellent choice for use in several fields owing to the unique combination of properties that can be attained from the inorganic and organic components. A proper selection of the inorganic parts (nanoparticles, metals, clusters, or others), and the organic matrix, and the synthesis routes and conditions may allow one to tailor these properties as required and design new hybrid materials and composites for targeted applications. This chapter discusses several promising applications of hybrid materials and highlights some examples.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132944000108

Hybrid materials: fundamentals and classifications

Tawfik Abdo Saleh , in Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites, 2021

Abstract

Hybrid materials (HMs) denote one of the most emergent material classes at the edge of technological advancements. Material properties achieved via a synergetic combination of more than one component on the molecular scale make HMs interesting for several applications. There are several approaches to the classification of HM. They can be based on the source of origin, bonding, properties, and route of formation. Interactions associated with van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatics are distinguished from those based on covalent and ion covalent bonds. The classification can also be made based on their composition or properties. This chapter includes definitions, classifications, and general trends of the composition of HMs, along with introducing some examples to show how HMs can be designed.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132944000017

Hybrid materials: opportunities, challenges, and future directions

Tawfik Abdo Saleh , in Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites, 2021

7 Future prospects

HMs are involved in the development of several advanced tools, manufacturing processes, sustainability, and applications in several fields. There is a need to continue investigating HMs from a wide range of disciplines, including chemical, physical, and biological sciences; engineering; medicine; social sciences; and economics. Research and development in HMs is expected to accelerate the success of science and innovation breakthroughs toward novel designs, possibly leading to many additional and qualitative applications, guided by societal needs. Application-driven research may produce new scientific discoveries and promote economic optimization leading to new technologies and industries.

New instrumentations have allowed femtosecond measurements with atomic precision, and simulation from basic principles has expanded to assemblies of larger atoms. The availability of scanning probe tools for printing one molecule or a nanostructure high on surfaces and other instruments allows more advancement in material science. Consequently, progress in HMs is expected in categories including methods and tools for synthesis and manufacturing, and sustainable development of HMs with enhanced chemical and physical properties is required for applications in different fields.

Advancements in HMs and nanotechnology may significantly lower costs of materials and some technologies—economic solar energy storage, energy conversion costs, and water desalinization—in the future.

HMs may be translated from the research lab to industrial use, inspired by responsiveness to societal challenges including sustainability, petrochemicals, catalysis industry, energy generation, conservation, storage, and conversion.

For instance, the HM-based membranes and other HMs may be optimized and scaled up for various applications, such as gas separation, water purification and desalination, hydrogen storage, carbon capture, and energy. HM developments may allow systematic design and manufacturing of HM products from basic principles, although a move toward simulation-based design strategies is predicted (Dang et al., 2010).

A few other challenges must be handled in the upcoming decade, including building systems from the nanoscale that require the combined use of nanoscale laws, information technology, biological principles, and system integration. In general, nanotechnology research has transformed areas aiding in the understanding of nanoscale phenomena and processes, utilizing measurements and simulations, the classical/quantum physics transition in nanostructures and devices, and the multiscale self-assembly of materials. Not to mention the interaction of nanostructures with external fields; the complex behavior of large nanosystems; effective energy harvesting, conversion, and storage with low-cost benign materials; and the creation of molecules, materials, and complex systems by design from the nanoscale (Roco, 2002).

HMs are evolving toward new engineering and scientific challenges in areas including the assembly of new systems, technology, environmental preservation, and protection. The development of investigated advanced tools, manufacturing processes, sustainability, and further applications need to be discussed to progress to the next level in the future (Fig. 10.5). Research and development is expected to accelerate the success of science and innovation breakthroughs toward new devices by design and leads to several additional and qualitatively novel applications. The advancements of HMs can also be impacted by the developments in their requirements (Fig. 10.6).

Figure 10.5. Schematic diagram of hybrid material development as expected in the future.

Figure 10.6. Requirements for developing materials.

HMs are expected to accelerate in some areas of emphasis over the near future.

➢

Aiming toward creating fundamentally new products by integrating knowledge at the nanoscale and of nanocomponents in hybrid systems.

➢

Focusing on creating new molecules and interaction of nanostructures with external fields to build HMs, devices, and systems by both experimental and modeling and computational design

➢

Further understanding of the interface between HM components through the development of improved instrumentation and methodologies for in situ monitoring of synthesis reactions provides a deeper insight into the interactions.

➢

The development of electron-beam instrumentation, techniques, and associated accessories has advanced at a breathtaking pace in materials; however, more tools must be configured for in situ characterization.

➢

Aiming at new generations of HM-based products and applications for advances in catalysis, petrochemicals, water, energy, and information technology, as well as high-performance materials, devices, and systems.

➢

Developing pathways for self-assembly of atoms or molecules into larger, hierarchical, and stable HMs with the possible presence of a catalytic material or directing structure.

➢

Nanomaterial design and fabrication inspired by nature (e.g., biomimetics, tissue engineering).

➢

Moving toward green chemistry and green methods for the development of new HMs.

➢

Developing more efficient and environmentally acceptable methods for utilizing natural sources as row reactants.

➢

Developing scalable synthesis and manufacturing methods for HMs.

➢

Developing promising industrial-scale HMs of various compositions.

➢

Developing a coordinated approach to use HM innovation for breakthrough solutions for an industrial problem.

➢

Active industry participation in the development of methods and procedures toward real applications.

➢

How can HMs address the challenges of improving global sustainability?

The future trends of HMs indicate that there is a connection of material technology infrastructure to existing businesses, helping them improve existing products and uses and develop new products (Figs. 10.7 and 10.8). Easy and economical access to resources such as material characterization can expand the impact of material science to a broader swath of the economy. Hence it is recommended that regarding developing new materials for industrial uses, some steps should be considered for scaling up. Fig. 10.9 lists some main steps to move materials from lab to industrial products.

Figure 10.7. Possible uses and impact of hybrid materials.

Figure 10.8. Possible future trends of hybrid materials.

Figure 10.9. Some main steps from lab to industrial products.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012813294400011X

Classification of micro and nanoscale composites

Reza Taheri-Ledari , in Heterogeneous Micro and Nanoscale Composites for the Catalysis of Organic Reactions, 2022

1.5 Hybrid materials

Hybrid materials are one of the growing new material classes at the edge of technological innovations. Hybrid materials are composites made by synergistic combination of organic and inorganic components at the nanometer or molecular level, a feature that makes them different from traditional composites where the constituents are at the macroscopic (micrometer to millimeter) level. Bone and oyster are among the hybrid materials found in nature, whose inorganic part causes the overall strength of the composite structure and its organic part leads to the bond between inorganic blocks and soft tissue. Hybrid materials can also be divided into two categories based on the interactions between organic and inorganic parts, according to which the first category includes materials in which weak interactions such as van der Waals bonds, hydrogen bonds, and weak electrostatic bonds between the two phases are seen, and the second category includes hybrid materials with strong interactions such as covalent bonding between their components. Appearance specifications can also be used to classify these materials.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128245279000101

Hybrid polysaccharide-based systems for biomedical applications

Paula I.P. Soares , ... João P. Borges , in Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials, Volume 4, 2017

Abstract

Hybrid materials have been widely studied for structural applications. Polysaccharide-based fibers, especially cellulosic fibers, have been explored in the last two decades as substitutes of the traditional reinforcements made of glass or carbon fibers due to their mechanical properties. However, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and chemistry have attracted the researchers and new developments in the field of smart and functional materials arise in diverse applications. This chapter will focus on the biomedical applications of polysaccharide-based smart and functional materials, namely those concerning biosensors and actuators, theranostic systems, and tissue-engineering applications. Special attention will be given to cellulose- and chitin/chitosan-based hybrid materials because these are the two most abundant polysaccharides and probably the most promising for the development of hybrid materials for biomedical applications. Biomimetic strategies for the development of smart and functional hybrid materials will also be highlighted.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081007853000048

Hybrid inorganic-polymer nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization, and plant-protection applications

Ayat F. Hashim , ... Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam , in Multifunctional Hybrid Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agri-Food and Ecosystems, 2020

3.2 Categorization of functional hybrid materials

Hybrid materials are nanocomposites at the molecular scale, having at a minimum one element, organic or inorganic, with a distinguishing length at the nano size ( Judeinstein and Sanchez, 1996). The properties of the hybrid materials are not just the result of the individual contributions of their components, but also from the strong synergy produced by a hybrid interface (Sanchez et al., 2003). The nature of the inorganic interface, including the surface energy, the types of interactions present, and the existence of labile bonds, shows a strong role in controlling a wide range of properties (electrical, mechanical, optical, catalysis, sensing capability, separation capacity, and chemical and thermal stability).

Due to their great importance, different functional hybrid materials can be divided into two main classes (Class I, II) depending on the nature of the interface combining the organic components and inorganic materials (Judeinstein and Sanchez, 1996). Class I deals with hybrid systems where the organic and inorganic parts act together with weak bonds, including van der Waals, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonds. In addition, class II indicates hybrid materials in which these components are linked by covalent or ionic-covalent chemical bonds.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128213544000030

Smart Textiles and Wearable Technology Innovation With Carbon Nanotube Technology

Ashley Kubley , ... Mark J. Schulz , in Nanotube Superfiber Materials (Second Edition), 2019

1.1 CNTH Materials

CNTH materials are formed by injecting metal or ceramic nanoparticles into the floating catalyst method for synthesizing carbon nanotubes; see Chapter 11. CNTH materials may become a new fabric innovation that make fabrics multifunctional, smart, and yet still able to behave similarly to conventional textile materials. CNTH materials have the potential to generate new design features and have tailorable properties with regard to function and aesthetics for certain markets and product uses, particularly the apparel industry. CNTH materials have an advantage in manufacturing due to the one-step synthesis process that integrates NPs during CNT growth. Furthermore, the expanding market for wearable technology and smart textiles for use in medical, athletic, aerospace, protective, and functional textiles is inextricably related to nanotechnology, as new types of nanotreatments and processes are offering new and improved features for the development of new models available to the mass market.

Nanotechnology in fabric and apparel design is currently based on electrospun polymer nanofiber [23] filaments (that do not have the high properties of nanotubes), staple-length nanofibers (that have limited improvement in strength and conductivity due to their discontinuous nature), forest-spun nanotube yarn (which is expensive), and nanoparticles (that alone have limited effect on conductivity and strength due to their small size). Uses of these materials are illustrated in Fig. 1 . The problem with applying nanotechnology to fabrics lies in the material properties and manufacturing and commercialization challenges that have yet to be fully addressed. These problems include high cost, low throughput, limited strength, inconsistent or low conductivity, low flexibility, low elasticity, and heavy weight. CNTH fabric is being developed to overcome these challenges by enabling tailorable material properties designed for particular applications. These hybrid materials have the potential to replace nanofibers currently in use for a lower cost, scalable alternative.

CNTH materials are a platform technology that integrates carbon, metals, ceramics, and polymers with CNTs to produce hybrid materials with new property suites. The CNTH synthesis method potentially can provide consistently high-quality material in moderate quantities, increasing the potential for application in consumer products where high cost and production throughput have traditionally been limitations for textile and apparel applications [2–7]. Table 1 lists potential textile and apparel applications of CNTH nanofabrics.

Table 1. Customizable Properties of CNTH Fabric and Apparel Applications

A. Texture, capillarity, and breathability. Hydrophobic apparel to repel water and soils; athletic and functional apparel fabric to wick water, spread heat, and cool the skin; and clothing that filters/purifies air or water for outdoor performance sportswear. Antibacterial and antimicrobial sheets, scrubs, and medical/sterile garments
B. Electric conductivity. Clothing that blocks electromagnetic interference (EMI) waves; discharges static electricity; provides circuitry for wearable electronics and sensors, displays, lights, and piezoelectric energy harvesting; and heats or cools the body electrically
C. Thermal properties. Clothing that insulates and spreads heat in multiple directions and flame-retardant smart material with ceramic particles. Extremely lightweight insulation
D. Strength. Protection against abrasion, puncture, and projectiles. Lightweight reinforcement for clothing in wear areas such as the elbows, knees, gloves, helmets, and shoes to reduce weight or increase dexterity and flame resistance
E. Other properties. Clothing hybrid material that blocks UV radiation, black body absorber material, and microencapsulated drug release material. Self-cleaning, structural color change garments, and self-repairing fabric for sustainable clothing longevity

Properties (approximate) of baseline pristine CNT sheet and yarn are listed in Table 2. Properties of CNTH materials depend on the material(s) used, and characterization of different CNTH materials is in initial stages. The properties of different types of CNTH fabric and yarn are being evaluated for various compositions of the materials. The predicted properties in Table 3 are based on the rule of mixtures for CNTH material and are compared with Cu properties. The Cu volume fraction is assumed to be 25 %, and CNT volume fraction is 75 %. The properties are to be verified by experiment. The saturation point and other properties will also be determined for the CNTH material.

Table 2. Properties of Pristine CNT Sheet and Yarn Taken From the Literature for Use in Textiles

Property Nanotube Sheet and Tapes
Tensile strength (GPa) 0.5–1.2
Elastic modulus (GPa) 100
Strain to failure (%) Up to 15 depending on prestretching
Electric resistivity (ohm cm) 2   ×   10−   4
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 30–100 in plane depending if the sheet is stretched or not, 1–2 normal to the plane (through the plane thermal conductivity can be as low as 0.03–0.05 if the material is loosely packed with air inside), this extreme anisotropy in thermal conductivity is from 100:1 to 15:1
Thermal diffusivity (mm2/s) To be measured
Sheet resistance (ohm/square) 0.3 (depends on acid treatment, stretching, and direction)
Seebeck coefficient (μV/K) −   60 n-type, 70 p-type (potentially up to 300)
Density (g/cc) 0.1–1.2, depends on densification
Burning temperature in air High resistance to flame
Property Nanotube Yarns
Tensile strength (GPa) 3 (up to 4 in-thin tapes)
Elastic modulus (GPa) 200
Strain to failure (%) 4
Electric resistivity (ohm cm) 1   ×   10−   4
Density (g/cc) 1.1
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 160

Table 3. Predicted Rule-of-Mixture Properties of CNTH Conductors for Use in Electronic Textiles

A. Tentative In-Development Material Properties of CNT-Based Conductors Versus Cu at DC and Room Temperature
Property Cu Wire CNT Conductor CNT-Cu Hybrid Conductor (Predicted Properties)
Tensile strength (GPa) 0.12 (yield), 0.22 (Ult) 1 0.8
Elastic modulus (GPa) 120 100 80
Strain to failure (%) 30 (pure Cu) 3 3
Electric conductivity (S/cm) 5.8   ×   105 2   ×   104 1.6   ×   105
Density (g/cc) 8.96 1.4 3.3
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 400 200 250
Max. current density (A/cm2) 6   ×   106 6   ×   107 4.6   ×   107

The ignition temperature of additives (Table 4) to CNT sheet was also investigated to design the flame retardance of the fabric. The CNT high thermal conductivity and low specific heat will retard flame.

Table 4. Ignition Temperature of Different Nano-/Microscale Materials

Material Description Ignition Temp (°C)
Granular activated carbon (GAC) Filter material >   400
Refractory activated carbon High-temperature filter material >   600
Carbon Crystalline 700
Boron nitride nanotubes High cost 900
Fireclay Refractory material 1500
Carbon nanotubes Crystalline 700
CNT-GAC-clay Hybrid multifunctional material, order of layering may be important TBD
Nextel ceramic fiber High-temperature fiber grades 1200

A combination of GAC and fireclay can be hybridized into the CNT fabric to tailor the filtering and flammability of the material. The resulting fabric is lightweight, thermally and electrically conductive, and very strong and has other properties important for wide applications.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128126677000124

Surface and morphological characterization of hybrid materials

Tawfik Abdo Saleh , in Polymer Hybrid Materials and Nanocomposites, 2021

7 Conclusion

The properties of HMs depend largely on successful nanolevel dispersion or intercalation/exfoliation of an inorganic part in an organic part of HMs. Depending on the application of interest, a number of techniques can be used to analyze and characterize HMs. The incorporation of the aforementioned techniques has perhaps received the greatest interest from scientists, engineers, and HM manufacturers and proved useful to them. Several techniques (electron microscopy including SEM and TEM) are used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of HMs. To obtain complete information on HMs, a combination of characterization and analytical techniques can be used because of the varied nature of the information that can be obtained from each technique.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132944000030